Tuesday, July 31, 2012

People Aren't Smart Enough for Democracy to Flourish, Scientists Say | Why the Best Candidate Never Wins | Psychology | LifesLittleMysteries.com

People Aren't Smart Enough for Democracy to Flourish, Scientists Say | Why the Best Candidate Never Wins | Psychology | LifesLittleMysteries.com
  
While this headline sounds elitist and paternalistic, the main point is simply again that democracy is the worst possible system, except for all the others. And while democracy may not produce the best leadership, it should protect against the worst (for me the key feature of democracy is the feedback mechanism, by which bad leadership is ultimately removed by the system itself, at the next election). Ideally anyway :-)
Some extracts from this article :
  • The democratic process relies on the assumption that citizens (the majority of them, at least) can recognize the best political candidate, or best policy idea, when they see it. But a growing body of research has revealed an unfortunate aspect of the human psyche that would seem to disprove this notion, and imply instead that democratic elections produce mediocre leadership and policies.
  • Mato Nagel, a sociologist in Germany, recently implemented Dunning and Kruger's theories by computer-simulating a democratic election. In his mathematical model of the election, he assumed that voters' own leadership skills were distributed on a bell curve ? some were really good leaders, some, really bad, but most were mediocre ? and that each voter was incapable of recognizing the leadership skills of a political candidate as being better than his or her own. When such an election was simulated, candidates whose leadership skills were only slightly better than average always won.
  • Nagel concluded that democracies rarely or never elect the best leaders. Their advantage over dictatorships or other forms of government is merely that they "effectively prevent lower-than-average candidates from becoming leaders."

Why Explaining to Others Helps Us Understand | Teaching | LifesLittleMysteries.com

Why Explaining to Others Helps Us Understand | Teaching | LifesLittleMysteries.com
  • Verbally explaining a concept really does help you to better grasp it, according to work by psychologists at the University of California at Berkeley. That's because we all have an intuitive sense of what makes a thorough explanation, but we often neglect to generate one for ourselves. The query of an outsider forces us to replace our false feeling of understanding with actual reasoning.
  • Given a collection of robot figurines of various shapes and sizes, students in the study who were asked to explain the group of robots were much more likely to discover the (rather subtle) common thread between the figurines than students who were asked merely to describe the group of robots. 
  • In the classroom, or in the course of our day-to-day lives, we often overlook deeper explanations in favor of mere observations, or even mistake the latter for the former. Being asked "why" forces us to reassess our knowledge.

Oddly, Hypocrisy Rooted in High Morals | LiveScience

A recent study finds that a sense of moral superiority can lead to unethical acts, such as cheating. In fact, some of the best do-gooders can become the worst cheats. 
Oddly, Hypocrisy Rooted in High Morals | LiveScience

  • In the study, detailed in the November issue of the Journal of Applied Psychology, researchers find that when this line between right and wrong is ambiguous among people who think of themselves as having high moral standards, the do-gooders can become the worst of cheaters.
  • "The principle we uncovered is that when faced with a moral decision, those with a strong moral identity choose their fate (for good or for bad) and then the moral identity drives them to pursue that fate to the extreme," said researcher Scott Reynolds of the University of Washington Business School in Seattle. "So it makes sense that this principle would help explain what makes the greatest of saints and the foulest of hypocrites."
  • Why would a person who thinks of himself as honest cheat? The researchers suggest an "ethical person" could view cheating as an OK thing to do, justifying the act as a means to a moral end. 
  • In order to encourage students and managers to forego cheating in exchange for ethical behaviors, Reynolds suggests ethics education. Classes, newsletters and other means of communication should help organizations to communicate which behaviors are morally acceptable and which are not. 

Omega 3 : walnuts!

As somone who doesn't like fish, I'm aware I'm missing out on the most mentioned source of Omega-3. I like to think (perhaps through simple self-serving rationalization) that at least I'm also missing out on the cumultative heavy metals and pollutants often found in fish - something which actually might also be an issue with fishoil supplments.
But what I didn't realise is that walnuts are actually a much better source, with a single 1/4 cup serving provides nearly all the 'daily value' required, and this is 1.5 times the amount of Omega-3 as a serving of salmon.
So hope for us pescaphobes!

Note : a walnut half (~2g) contains ~.15g Omega-3. The omega-3 DV (for an adult male) is ~1.6g per day. This means a daily intake of ~6 walnuts should provide the DV of omega-3 (as a side note, 6 wlanuts contributes approx. 150 calories)

(this matches the advice on "walnuts.org" :
Studies have shown benefits of eating 1 to 1.5 ounces of walnuts (14-21 halves) on heart health, bone health and in managing type 2 diabetes (link to health study page on walnuts.org).  In fact, due to the strength of evidence supporting cardiovascular health, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a qualified health claim for walnuts in March 2004 stating “eating 1.5 ounces of walnuts per day, as part of a low saturated fat and low cholesterol diet, and not resulting in increased caloric intake may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.”)

WHFoods: omega-3 fatty acids

The following chart shows the foods that are either an excellent, very good, or good source of omega-3 fats. Next to each food name, you'll find the serving size we used to calculate the food's nutrient composition, the calories contained in the serving, the amount of omega-3 fats contained in one serving size of the food, the percent Daily Value (DV%) that this amount represents

World's Healthiest Foods ranked as quality sources of
omega-3 fats
FoodServing
Size
CalsAmount
(g)
DV
(%)
Nutrient
Density
World's
Healthiest
Foods Rating
Flax Seeds2 tbs74.83.19132.932.0excellent
Walnuts0.25 cup163.52.2794.610.4excellent
Cloves2 tsp13.60.187.59.9very good
Sardines3.20 oz-wt188.71.3455.85.3very good
Romaine Lettuce2 cups16.00.114.65.2good
Salmon4 oz-wt244.91.4761.24.5very good
Mustard Seeds2 tsp20.30.114.64.1good
Tofu4 oz-wt86.20.3615.03.1good
Spinach1 cup cooked41.40.177.13.1good
Halibut4 oz-wt158.80.6225.82.9good

What is the internet | What Happens on the Internet in a Typical Day? | LifesLittleMysteries.com

What is the internet | What Happens on the Internet in a Typical Day? | LifesLittleMysteries.com

Why Is Everyone on the Internet So Angry?: Scientific American

A perfect storm engenders online rudeness, including virtual anonymity and thus a lack of accountability, physical distance and the medium of writing

Why Is Everyone on the Internet So Angry?: Scientific American

Monday, July 30, 2012

Internet addiction even worries Silicon Valley | Facebook considers showing page views

Internet addiction even worries Silicon Valley | Technology | The Observer
  • Although the idea of a clinical disorder of internet addiction was first mooted in the 90s and is now regularly treated by doctors on both sides of the Atlantic, attention is shifting from compulsive surfing to the effects of the all-pervasive demands that our phones, laptops, tablets and computers are making on us.
  • Psychologists are deeply worried about the effects digital relationships are having on real ones. Facebook is working on plans to curb anonymous "stalking" by allowing users to see who has visited any group of which they are a member ? with the possibility in future of extending that to allow people to see who has looked at their page. "Checking Facebook to see what the ex is doing becomes a drug," according to psychologist Seth Meyers, who said the checking could quickly decline into obsessive-compulsive behaviour (http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/digital-living/7286795/Facebook-stalkers-may-be-outed)
  • However, some doubt the notion of technology addiction, pointing instead to the rising demands of the workplace, where employees are working longer hours and then going home still tethered to devices pinging them emails and messages. "Are we addicted to gadgets or indentured to work?" asks Alexis Madrigal, a writer for the Atlantic. "Much of our compulsive connectedness? is a symptom of a greater problem, not the problem itself."

The eurozone can learn from financial crises in the developing world | Comment is free | The Guardian

The eurozone can learn from financial crises in the developing world | Comment is free | The Guardian

Ten things I miss about the 20th century | Ian Martin | Comment is free | The Guardian

Ten things I miss about the 20th century | Ian Martin | Comment is free | The Guardian

Monday, July 23, 2012

Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country

http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2012/jul/22/gun-homicides-ownership-world-list
The key facts are:
  • The US has the highest gun ownership rate in the world - an average of 88 per 100 people. That puts it first in the world for gun ownership - and even the number two country, Yemen, has significantly fewer - 54.8 per 100 people
  • But the US does not have the worst firearm murder rate - that prize belongs to Honduras, El Salvador and Jamaica. In fact, the US is number 28, with a rate of 2.97 per 100,000 people
  • Puerto Rico tops the world's table for firearms murders as a percentage of all homicides - 94.8%. It's followed by Sierra Leone in Africa and Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Caribbean
  • Top 4 gun-owning countries are US, Yemen, Switzerland, Finland (Austria at 14th, Ireland 70th)
  • Countries with most firearm homicides per 100,000 are generally Carribean/South American (and poorer). 
    • US at 28th, then West Bank and Gaza at 29th, but then Liechtenstein at 30th (just ahead of Sierra Leone and the Congo). Possibly could be put down to skewed statistics due to such a small sample size
    • Switzlerand (~45th), Italy (~48th), Ireland (~59th), Finland (~61th), Sweden  (~62th) and  Austria (~68th, with about 15 gun related deaths a year, out  of  7 million population)

Sunday, July 22, 2012

£13tn: hoard hidden from taxman by global elite


A global super-rich elite has exploited gaps in cross-border tax rules to hide an extraordinary £13 trillion ($21tn) of wealth offshore – as much as the American and Japanese GDPs put together – according to research commissioned by the campaign group Tax Justice Network


http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/jul/21/global-elite-tax-offshore-economy

The 'chemputer' that could print out any drug

When Lee Cronin learned about the concept of 3D printers, he had a brilliant idea: why not turn such a device into a universal chemistry set that could make its own drugs?
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/jul/21/chemputer-that-prints-out-drugs

Hypnosis, no laughing matter

Vaughan Bell: hypnosis is no laughing matter | Science | The Observer

Hypnosis – or rather suggestibility – is a remarkable aspect of human psychology. The ability to be hypnotised seems to be a distinct trait that is distributed among the population, like height or shoe size, in a "bell curve" or normal distribution: a minority of people cannot engage with any suggestions, a minority can engage with almost all, and most people can achieve a few....It seems, however, that there is very little that can be done to make you more or less hypnotisable – the hypnotisability trait is the primary factor in how successfully you can experience the effects.

Thursday, July 19, 2012

Why send so many to third level?

Ireland has the highest rate of third-level attendance in the EU, but there may be a downside
http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sciencetoday/2012/0719/1224320378540.html

Healthy scepticism


Are Believers Really Happier Than Atheists? [Preview]
Who is better off: the religious or atheists? Cultural values determine the answer

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=healthy-skepticism


  • Being religious is often linked with greater well-being. New research suggests that the effect is culture-specific.
  • A strong predictor of a person’s religiosity is the condition of the society in which he or she lives.
  • Finding communities and social groups that align with your beliefs can improve life satisfaction.


GPS wave bubble/spoofing

amazing (and sometimes unnerving) stuff covered in this TEDx lecture (transcript here) - GPS dots with centimetre indoor accuracy...GPS spoofing (GPS signals unencrypted so trusted blindly) and most shocking at all - design on the web to create a wave bubble which jams GPS signals (think if did that in a plane). New and cool tech, but to be handled (and controlled) with care!)


Should Twitter entertain millions with public rows? | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk
Interesting that to post pictures of people would require justification...but a tweet by tweet report of their personal argument does not...how new issues need to be confronted in the digital age!

Sunday, July 15, 2012

Unbelievable scanning technology..

Airport scanning technology is a transparent victory for terrorism | Technology | The Observer

within the next year or so the US department of homeland security plans to deploy a new laser-based molecular scanner ( http://gizmodo.com/5923980/the-secret-government-laser-that-instantly-knows-everything-about-you ) fired from 50 metres away which will instantly reveal an astonishing level of detail not only about your body, clothes and luggage but also about the contents of your wallet and even of your intestines. It's claimed that the technology can identify traces of drugs on banknotes, gunpowder on your clothes and even what you had for breakfast, the adrenaline level in your body and substances in your urine. And all of this information can be collected without even touching you – and without your knowledge.

GM mosquitos in the fight against disease

Children and computers: State of play

Friday, July 13, 2012

Srebrenica: the silence over Britain's guilt must be ended | Vernon Bogdanor | Comment is free | The Guardian

Srebrenica: the silence over Britain's guilt must be ended | Vernon Bogdanor | Comment is free | The Guardian

I find it tragically ironic that the worst outcome of the Iraq fiasco was how it made humanitarian intervention less likely in the future. While Blair deserves full credit for supporting intervention in the late 90s, it is a pity he took the doctrine blindly too far in Iraq. Good intentions are indeed not enough without action, but action is not enough without thought for the consequences.

Animal testing isn't just an ethical problem – let's invest in safer methods | Andrew Knight | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk

Animal testing isn't just an ethical problem – let's invest in safer methods | Andrew Knight | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk

Personally I will always consider the benefit to humans before cost to animals  (with the caveat that how we treat any lifeform can have consequences for our own nature and hence how we treat each other, which is why unnecessary cruelty is an issue) and so am very much in favour of animal testing. However, only of course if it is a reliable and effective, which means unsettling to read the following :
  • Modern drugs are more carefully studied than ever before. After lengthy tests on animals, those considered safe, and potentially effective, enter very limited human trials. About 92% are then weeded out and deemed unsafe or ineffective.
  • The remaining 8% are some of the most closely scrutinised compounds on the planet. You might be forgiven, therefore, for assuming they are safe. But at least 39 studies over three decades have ranked adverse drug reactions as an important cause of hospital deaths. Only heart disease, cancer and stroke are more reliably lethal.
  • The strains placed on healthcare systems and public finances should not be underestimated. Adverse drug reactions account for some 4% of UK hospital bed capacity, at an annual cost of around £466m.
Such statistics definitely need to be investigated and considered, since there is no point in cost even to animals, if no benefit to us...

Monday, July 9, 2012

TED talk : the job creators are consumers, not the rich

TED talk by Nick Hanauer :
(with transcript at http://lybio.net/tag/nick-hanauer-ted-talks-the-inequality-speech-transcription/)

Extract :
"I have started, or helped start, dozens of companies and initially hired lots of people. But if there was no one around who could afford to buy what we had to sell, all those companies and all those jobs would have evaporated. Source: LYBIO.net
That's why I can say with confidence that rich people don't create jobs, nor do businesses, large or small. Jobs are a consequence of a circle of life-like feedback loop between customers and businesses. And only consumers can set in motion this virtuous cycle of increasing demand and hiring. In this sense, an ordinary consumer is more of a job creator than a capitalist like me.
That's why when business people take credit for creating jobs, it's a little bit like squirrels taking credit for creating evolution. It's actually the other way around.
Anyone who's ever run a business knows that hiring more people is a course of last resort for capitalists. It's what we do if, and only if, rising customer demand requires it. And in this sense, calling yourselves job creators isn't just inaccurate, it's disingenuous."

We need to talk about Keynes – and his Viagra economics

Clive Stafford Smith: 'The jury system in this country is utter insanity' | Law | The Guardian

Clive Stafford Smith: 'The jury system in this country is utter insanity' | Law | The Guardian

Longer prison terms really do cut crime, study shows | Law | The Observer

Longer prison terms really do cut crime, study shows | Law | The Observer

Since the impact seemed to be most with repeat offenders however, it does indicate that the longer sentances are simply reducing the number of criminals at large, rather than acting as deterrance or cure. Furthermore it could then just provide a temporary lull due to an extended prison pipeline, and hence not be a long term solution at all. Executions would work even better, but would be no more jusifiable.

Saturday, July 7, 2012

Computer interfaces : the death of WIMP and the rise of touch

Windows 8 means the era of overlapping windows is on the way out.
For years, WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menu, Pointers) has been the way to interact with computers – but now the advent of touch means that things are changing, even if you use a keyboard
Windows 8 means the era of overlapping windows is on the way out | Technology | guardian.co.uk


(related is this interesting article on how Jobs visions for mouse control were inspired by - or some claim stolen from -  a mouse developed by Xerox)

Tuesday, July 3, 2012

Bankers and the neuroscience of greed | Ian Robertson | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk

Bankers and the neuroscience of greed | Ian Robertson | Comment is free | guardian.co.uk
  • power is one of the most potent brain-changing drugs known to humankind, unconstrained power has enormously distorting effects on behaviour, emotions and thinking.
  • Researchers at Tilburg University showed that people made to feel more powerful cheated more when they believed themselves to be unobserved. Power also made ordinary people more hypocritical when making judgments about moral dilemmas, being much more strict in applying rules to others, but much more lax in applying them to themselves. Even tiny amounts of artificial power, in other words, increased both immorality and hypocrisy.
  • Paul Piff of the University of Berkeley found in a US-based study that, compared with lower class people, upper class individuals were more likely to break the law while driving, to show unethical tendencies in decision-making, to take valued goods from others, to lie in a negotiation, to cheat in order to improve their chances of winning a prize, and to endorse unethical behaviour in a work situation.
  •  It has become a cliche to explain the behaviour of bankers in terms of greed, but cliches are not always wrong. Power and money both act on the brain's reward system, which if over-stimulated for long periods develops appetites that are difficult to satisfy, just as is the case for drug addiction. We call these appetites greed and greedy people are never satisfied. That is the challenge for politicians and regulators.